Ma Cooperative Akulephera Kuthetsa Umphawi Wa Anthu

Olemba Josephine Chinele

Volume 24, no. 3, Cooperation: Theory and Practice for the Commons

Original article in English.

Pofika mchaka cha 2020, Malawi linali limodzi mwa maiko osaukitsitsa pa dziko lonse chifukwa pa mndandanda wa chitukuko cha anthu linali pa nambala 174 mwa maiko 189. Mwa Amalawi 18 million, 50.7 peresenti anali anthu ongopeza zofunika osaganizira ntchito zomwe amagwira ndipo 20 perenti ina ili mu umphawi wa dzaoneni. Ulimi umathandizira 80 peresenti ya ntchito za chuma cha dziko la Malawi ndi pa mndandanda wa chitukuko cha anthu, umphawi ndi waukulu kwambiri m’madera akumidzi kuyerekeza ndi m’matauni.

Kukula kwa umphawi ku Malawi komanso kuonetsa kwa kudalilika ndi phindu pa ntchito za ulimi kwachititsa mabungwe osiyana-siyana omwe si a boma kuyambitsa ntchito zomwe amati zingathandze kuchepetsa umphawi pakati pa anthu akumidzi. Zina mwa ntchitozi ndi kukhazikitsa kwa magulu a alimi omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma cooperative mchingerezi; awatu ndi magulu omwe mumakhala alimi omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi, pogula zinthu zofunika pa ntchito yao, komanso kupeza misika ndi kugulitsanso zinthuzo ngati gulu. Kukhazikitsa magulu amtunduwu nkoyenera kuthandiza alimi kumapeza phindu lochuluka maka-maka akapeza msika waukulu wa ogula ndi kupeza phindu lomwe lina angaligwilitse ntchito pokuza ntchito zao ndi kuti zikhale zodalilika. Zomwe amanena mabungwe omwe si a boma ndi kuti magulu amtunduwu azitha kuthandiza anthu kumadzidalira ndi kumachita zinthu pa okha popeza phindu lomwe akufuna. 

Prezidenti waku Malawi, Dr. Lazarus Chakwera, wakhala akutsindika kuti magulu amtnduwu ndi ofunika pokweza ulimi. Atsogoleri aku Malawi amalimbikitsa alimi kukhazikitsa ma cooperative kuti azipeza phindu lokwanira kuchokera ku ulimi ndi mukapeza phindu lina monga amanenera amabungwe. 

Koma ndi zosabisa kuti zinthu m’magulu amtunduwu sizili monga ena amaonera malingana ndi zomwe anathandiza kukhazikitsa amanenera. Malingana ndi Unduna wa za Mafakitare, mwa magulu amtunduwu one thousand omwe analembetsa ochepa okha ndi omwe zinthu zikuyenda. Undunawu ukuti 30 mwa magulu 100 alionse ndi omwe zao zikutheka. Ngakhale kuti maguluwa atakhala kuti akuwayendetsa bwino ndipo mamembala ake akudziwa zochita, mabungwe olimbikitsa anthu kuwakhazikitsa sanathandize kuthetsa umphawi wa oyenera kupindula nao.

Chitsanzo cha magulu olepherawa ndi la Nguludi Cooperative lomwe ndi la m’boma la Chiradzulu, m’chigawo chakumwera ku Malawi ndipo muli anthu 100. Cooperative imeneyi anayikhazikitsa kudzera ku ntchito yomwe imadziwika kuti Amai Angathe ndipo anayambitsa ndi a Centre for Alternatives of Victimized Women (CAVWOC) mogwirizana ndi bungwe la Oxfam Malawi.

Bungwe la CAVWOC linaphunzitsa mamembala a Nguludi Cooperative kupanga jam, tomato sauce, komanso sausage ya nkhumba zomwe zipangizo zake zimapezekelatu mosavuta. Koma malingana ndi Eunice Victory, mneneri wa Nguludi Cooperative:

Titayambitsa gululi tinali ndi chikhulupiliro kuti tipita patsogolo nkumapeza phindu loti tidzigawana kuchokera ku zinthu zathu. Tinali ndi chikhulupiliro kuti zinthu ziyenda. Titamaliza maphunziro tinakumana ndi kupanga zinthu pogwilitsa ntchito nkhuni ndi mapoto a m’makomo. Koma sizinali zokwanira kugulitsa.

Chinavuta ndi chani? Victory akuti atamaliza mamphunziro oyambilira, gululi linapeza kuti panalibe zochita zina zotsatira. Atafunsa kwa mkulu oona za ntchito ku CAVWOC, gululi linauzidwa kuti ntchitoyi inafika ku mapeto ndipo asayembekezrenso thandizo:

Tinaphunzira zoyenera kuchita kumayambiliro. Zitatha izo bungweli silinatithandize ndi zipangizo zoyambira komanso kuti nyumba yomwe timagwilitsa ntchito mukhale magetsi. Zinali ngati anangotisiya…. Sizinalinso ndi phindu kupitiliza chifukwa tinalibe zipangizo zoyambira komanso mpamba olimbikitsira ntchitozo. Mamembala ndi okhumudwa. Cooperative inali chinthu chomwe anachidalira kuti chiwachotsa mu umphawi.

Ngakhale ambiri amakhulupilira kuti maguluwa atha kuchita bwino, ndi zodziwika kuti a CAVWOC sanathandize mokwanira ndi kulondoloza ntchitoyi zomwe zinachititsa kuti ilephere. Ntchitoyi inafunika kukhazikitsa gulu la kumudzi losunga ndi kubweleketsa ndalama komanso kukhala ndi njira zodalilika pa ulimi, ulimi wa zipatso, ziweto komanso kupanga zakudya. Malingana ndi Thokozani Chiwandira, Mkulu Oona Ntchito ku CAVWOC:

Gululi analikhazikitsa ntchito zao zolimbikitsa alimi kumakometsera zinthu zao ikupita kwakutha. Alimiwo amafunika kugwilitsa ntchito tomato ndi nyama ya nkhumba. Vuto lokhalo linalipo linali lakuti nyumba yomwe amagwilitsa ntchito inalibe magetsi pa chiyambi pomwe. Mu ntchito zathu munalibe zoti tiwathandize kupeza magetsi ndipo sitinakakwanitsa kutero.

Kulephera kwa ntchito imeneyi ya CAVWOC sikunali kulephera kwa mamembala a gululo. Agulupu a Mpama ankaganiza kuti pamene mabungwe afika ku Chiradzulu miyoyo ya anthu ambiri ichoka mu umphawi: 

Ndimadandaula kuti izi siznatheke. Anthu a mderali akadali mu umphawi wadzaoneni. Ndi anthu olimbikira chifukwa amachita ulimi komanso sapeza mwayi. Anthu amdera limeneli. . . ndi olimbikira chifukwa ambiri amachita ulimi koma akuvutika chifukwa sachita nao mwayi. Amalima zinthu zosachedwa kuonongeka monga tomato koma alibe misika yake. Ngati zinthuzo sizionongeka, ndiye kuti mavenda amabwera kudzagula pa mitengo yotsika kwambiri.

Mfumuyi ikuvomera kuti ma cooperative atha kutheka ngati patakhala zipangizo zokwanira, akulimbikitsidwa komanso mamembala akuphunzitsidwa zomwe akuyembekezera kumachita. Koma zitangochitika ndi a CAVWOC palibenso bungwe lina lapita ku Chiradzulu.

Koma kapena bungweli linalakwitsa posaganizira za magetsi pamene linkapita mderalo lomwe liri ku malo a umphawi? Kapena chinalipo chinthu china?

Mu kulemba kwake, Masautso Chimombo akuti ngakhale anthu ophunzira, okonza ndondomeko komanso olimbikitsa anthu kukhazikitsa magulu a alimi, patapita zaka zambiri anthu ena akuchoka m’maguluwa. Chimombo akuti: 

Mlimi wamng’ono akugulitsa zinthu zao pa mtengo otsika kuyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe analowetsa pa ntchito yao…. Kulephera kupeza misika yobweletsa phindu…. Kulephera kupeza phindu la mamembala, ndalama yochuluka yomwe mamembala amapereka…. Ndi zina mwa zinthu zomwe zikulepheletsa ma cooperative.

Chifukwa china chomwe chikulepheletsa maguluwa ndi chakuti ndi ma Unduna a za Malonda ndi Mafakitare okha omwe akuloledwa kulemba komanso kuphunzitsa magulu atsopano. Kuchuluka kwa ndondomeko zofuna kutsata pokhazikitsa maguluwa kukuchititsanso kuti pakhale anthu ochepa ophunzitsa mamembala mma cooperative. 

Kuphatikiza apa, aku unduna amanyalanyaza kupereka upangiziri ku magulu oyambitsidwa ndi anthu omwe si a mabungwe omwe si a boma. Ogwira ntchitoyi amafuna amabungwe omwe si a boma chifukwa amapereka mswahala kwa opereka maphunzirowo zomwe ndi ndalama zomwe pena zimafika K32, 000 ($40) patsiku, kuphatikizaponso za mayendedwe. 

Ndipo ngakhale paperekedwa maphunziro, nthawi zambiri sakhala okwanira chifukwa amachitika masiku asanu ndi limodzi basi ndipo mtsogolo mwake sipakhalanso ena otsatira. Mu nthawi yochepayi, mamembala a maguluwa akuyenera kudziwa zokometsera zinthu zao, utsogoleri, kuyendetsa ntchito za chuma, kulembetsa katundu wao, kupeza chilolezo ku boma (ndipo nthawi zina zinanso samazidziwa). Ndipo kwambirinso, umbuli omwe umakolezedwa ndi umphawi ndi vuto lina lalikulu.

Mlembi ku Unduna Wa za Mafakitare, Yamikani Kadzakumanja, akuti ngakhale pali magulu omwe alephera, palinso umboni oti ena athandiza kusintha zinthu pa chuma pakati pa anthu, koma maguluwa sakugwira ntchito monga amayenera kuchitira. Kadzakumanja akuti mabungwe omwe si a boma athandizira kulepheraku chifukwa anayambitsa ntchitozi iwowo akumalizanso ntchito zao.

Koma kodi pali zitsanzo za ma cooperative omwe achita bwino? Chitsanzo chabwino ndi gulu lomwe linalandira mphotho la Kamwendo Cooking Oil Cooperative, lomwe liri m’boma la Mchinji m’chigawo chapakati ku Malawi. Gulu la Kamwendo linakumana ndi mavuto a za chuma ndi kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Ogwira ntchito kudzera mu Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture (CNFA) anapereka maphunziro ku Kamwendo Cooperative a momwe angalondolozere chuma, machitidwe a bzinesi, kutsatsa zinthu, mapulani a bizinezi komanso kupanga zakudya zapamwamba. Ndipo m’malo mofulumizitsa maphunziro, izi anazichita kwa kanthawi ndipo ochita maphunziro anali aku CNFA ongodzipereka. 

Ndipo pamene dziko la Malawi likukonza chuma chake pogwilitsa ntchito masomphenya a 2063 Vision omwe akulimbikitsa anthu kumadzidalira pa chuma ndi kukhala dziko lodzidalira, kuchita bwino kwama cooperative ndi nkhani yabwino. Umu ndi momwe a National Planning Commission of Malawi akunenera:

Ndi kofunika kuti boma ndi ogira nalo ntchito za chitukuko apitilize kulimbikitsa, kukhazikitsa, kukula komanso kuti ma cooperative akhalemo mdziko la Malawi… magulu omwe akulephera aone ndi kuphunzira momwe anazo akuchitira kuti ntchito zao zipindulire mamembala awo.

Komabe ndi chinthu chovuta kuti maguluwa aphunzitsane pomwe 70 mwa 100 alionse akulephera. Umboni oti Malawi likadali dziko losauka pa dziko lonse lomwe silikuoneka kuti lichoka mu umphawi posachedwapa, zingokolezera zomwe mabungwe omwe sia boma akumachita polonjeza kuthetsa umphawi kapena kuthandiza pa chitukuko cha chuma.